Avoiding Sexism in Your Writing

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What is sexism in writing? It is the assumption that people are all male or all female. Men are choosing professions that were once considered for women only, and women are branching out into professions that at one time were male-dominated. Sexism in writing can occur in several ways. In writing, using pronouns that refer to men only ignores half the population and sends the message that all humans are male.

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There are ways to avoid using male pronouns that refer to both men and women in your writing and to avoid alienating 50% of the population.

Here is a list of indefinite pronouns that are considered singular:

? Another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, little, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, somebody, someone, something

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Here are a few indefinite pronouns that can be considered singular or plural, depending on how they are used in the sentence.

? All, any, more, most, and some are plural when referring to plural nouns; all, any, more, most, and some are singular when referring to singular nouns or collective nouns.

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To avoid sexism in your writing, follow these basic tips:

? Use singular pronouns to refer to singular nouns;
? Use singular pronouns to refer to singular indefinite pronouns;
? Use plural pronouns to refer to plural nouns;

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Correct: If a student wants to take the class, he or she can register tomorrow.
Incorrect: If a student wants to take the class, they can register tomorrow.

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Correct: If anyone wants to take the class, he or she can register tomorrow.
Incorrect: If anyone wants to take the class, he can register tomorrow.

Correct: If students want to take the class, they can register tomorrow.
Incorrect: If students want to take the class, he or she can register tomorrow.

If you do not know whether the person referred to is female or male, follow these basic tips:

? Use “he or she” or “his or her”;
? Make the sentence plural by using plural nouns and pronouns;
? Rewrite the sentence to avoid using pronouns altogether;

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Correct: Everyone wanted to know his or her grades.
Incorrect: Everyone wanted to know their grades.

Correct: The students wanted to know their grades.
Incorrect: The students wanted to know his or her grades.

Correct: The students wanted to know the grades.
Incorrect: The students wanted to know his or her grades.

If you do know the gender of the person being referred to, follow these basic tips:

? Use “she or her” to refer to a female;
? Use “he or him or his” to refer to a male;

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Correct: The postman left his mailbag on my front doorsteps.
Incorrect: The postman left her mailbag on my front doorsteps.

Correct: Ask the policewoman if she can direct you to the courthouse.
Incorrect: Ask the policewoman if he can direct you to the courthouse.

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Using these simple tips will help improve your writing and keep your communication clear. You won’t go wrong, and you won’t alienate half the population by using sexism in your writing.

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____________________________________________________________________________________

Katrina Parker Williams is an English Instructor who teaches English Composition and Grammar at a community college. She is also the author of a fictional novel Liquor House Music and publishes writing and publishing articles online. Visit Katrina’s website at http://www.stepartdesigns.com for more writing and publishing tips.

    Simple Techniques for Writing an Introduction to Your Story

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    Writers struggle with how to write the introduction to a story. If the introduction is dull and unexciting, the reader is apt to put it down, never to even read the second paragraph. If the introduction is engaging and interesting, the reader will want to read further to see what will happen next in the story.

    There is no easy way to learn how to write the introduction to a story. The best way to learn is to read how other writers create attention-grabbing and appealing introductions to their stories and use some of the same techniques they employ without copying their style or their words verbatim.

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    If finding simple ways to write an introduction to your story is keeping you from putting that burning story inside you down on paper, try these simple techniques.

    Begin By Telling a Brief Story

    Many writers begin their introductions with an anecdote or a brief story that grabs the reader’s attention. Be sure the anecdote or brief story introduces clearly the story that comes after it.

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    Describe a Scene in an Interesting Way

    Describing a scene is a good way to arouse the reader’s curiosity. The reader will be intrigued by the setting and wonder what happened at the scene and why the scene was significant to the whole story. However, the scene must be interesting and relate to the story that follows.

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    Begin with a Quotation

    When using a quotation, make sure to use a quotation that is provocative and says something significant. The story that follows should explain the meaning of the quotation or the purpose for using it in your story. Your story must build upon the quotation so that readers will want to read further to find out what you have to say.

    Begin with a Definitive Statement

    Most introductions begin with a general beginning and follow with specific and concrete details about the subject. Write a definitive statement that simply states your stance on an issue. Then follow the statement with interesting and/or factual information that will provoke agreement or disagreement from the reader.

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    Pose a Question

    A good way to introduce a subject is to use a question. Sometimes questions can be answered immediately following the question and then proceed on to the story, or the question can be left at the beginning to be pondered over until later in the story. The writer can answer the question at any point in the story, but the question should be answered at some point before the story ends.

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    Use Contrast

    Another way to introduce your subject is to state a commonly held belief or statement of fact and follow quickly with a contrasting view. You present a situation that your readers may agree with, and after a paragraph or two, you assert that you will take an opposing or differing view. This type of introduction compels the reader to take a stance on the issue.

    One very important point to remember about introductions is to include a clearly defined thesis statement that indicates to the reader the overall point you are going to make in your story. The thesis statement must be stated clearly in the introductory paragraph (it is most effective as the last sentence). Be sure that with any of the techniques you use to introduce your story, you conclude the introductory paragraph with a strong, well-developed, and thoughtful thesis statement.

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    Now you are off to a good start. The introduction is no longer a roadblock to writing that burning story inside you.

    __________________________________________________________________________________________________

    Katrina Parker Williams is an English Instructor who teaches English Composition and Grammar at a community college. She is also the author of a fictional novel Liquor House Music and publishes writing and publishing articles online. Visit Katrina’s website at http://www.stepartdesigns.com for more writing and publishing tips.

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      Powerful Evangelism through Writing a Book

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      Think about the methods and tools used today to communicate with people. There are many, but not all of these methods work well all over the world. There are islands, and regions, and countries that don’t have the option of watching satellite TV or listening to satellite radio. Yet these people can still effectively be reached through books as the means of communication. Even for a more practical purposes, writing a book is one of the most industrious and effective ways to reach people and influence people in the world; past, present, and into the future.

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      TV certainly gets to more people faster but when you are considering the financial, recourse, and time cost of starting a TV program as a means of expanding your ministry you can get deeply discouraged. By publishing a book you can reach people in countries that are undeveloped and reach those in your own backyard with less expense and still have a super effective tool through which you can communicate and reach people.

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      Not only is book writhing a less expensive solution to your evangelism ministry, it is also a more lasting solution. The moment you can’t afford the expense of having a radio or TV ministry, that’s it. No more flow. But even if you get busy in life and you take time away from promoting and marketing your book, people are still reading, the message is being passed from one person to another person. Friends recommend good books and let one another borrow them all the time. So with a book you always have a voice. You never lose your ability to reach people by becoming a published author.

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      You can become a published author quite easily today. There are many different companies that can help you become a published author. Taking the time to research different companies and their offerings makes the difference. You need to find a company that suits your needs and one that can tailor a solution to your particular publishing needs. You want to go with an experienced company and one that has been in business for several years. You want to go with a company that educates you on the large world of publishing, writing the best book, and marketing your book.

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      Book publishing is a great tool that many evangelists use today and if you haven’t begun to use this tool you’re missing out. Get with the program! Become a published author and get your message out to people you will personally never touch but whose lives you will change.

      Anthony Obey is the owner of GMA Publishing providing book publishing and marketing services to Writers, Pastors, Leaders, and Speakers. At http://www.GMApublishing.com you can also sign up for Book Coaching and receive FREE E-Tips on Writing, Publishing, and Marketing your book.

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        Writing 101: Getting an Idea for a Children’s Story

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        I guess you’ve noticed that children’s books are often about everyday happenings. The Cat in the Hat is an exception that everyone loves. So are fairy tales involving fire-spitting dragons. But those types of stories are less common than the stories you find at garage sales.

        Some writers say, “If I only had an idea.” Then they go off without writing a story when they could easily generate an idea for a story if they just tried.

        I was reading the newspaper classifieds a couple of hours ago. I was looking at the ads my competition were running to see if I couldn’t get one-up on them by writing a better ad. I read about everything so I read the lost pet ads which had nothing to do with what I was doing.

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        As I looked at the ads for lost pets I could feel the pain the owner’s were going through. I thought if there was only a Pet Detective to help them find their lost critters.

        It immediately dawned on this old gray head that there was great story idea; A series of books for children staring the Pet Detective. I immediately sat down and wrote the following to show you how easy it is to write such a story.

        Can you write a Pet Detective story right after you’ve read this story?

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        Give it a go!

        Remember as you write that everything has to be made obvious to children.

        Lost Pet Detective: The Firehouse Dalmatian

        The Pet Detective read in the local paper that the firehouse Dalmatian in Clinton City had scampered away when the gas tank of Fred Smith’s car exploded before the firemen could get the fire out.

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        The newspaper article said that Fred saw smoke from under his engine hood so he pulled off the farm road one mile east of town. He got out of the car and dialed 911 on his cell phone. While he was calling, the car burst into flames. He quickly told the 911 operator where the car was and then ran to the Barker farmhouse for help.

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        The farmer’s wife, Sarah Barker, answered the door. When she saw the fire, she quickly helped Fred fill a couple of farm milking buckets with water. They saw that the fire truck was already coming from town, speeding down the road with the siren screaming. It kicked up a big cloud of dust that could be seen for at least a country mile.

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        Fred got to the car about the same time as the fire engine did. He realized that the water he was carrying had almost all spilled out as he ran to put out the fire. He threw what was left on the hood of the car.

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        George Spellman, the Fire Chief, grabbed Fred by the arm and said, “Get out of here, Fred. The gas tank might explode.”

        Ginger, the firehouse Dalmatian dog watched with interest from the top of the cab of the fire truck. That is where she always sat during a fire. She wanted to see what was going on.

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        The firemen pulled out the water hoses from the truck and sprayed water on the fire from a good distance. They were afraid that the gas tank would explode. At first, it looked like the fire was going out. That’s when a great explosion roared forth knocking the firemen to the ground as well as Fred and the farmer’s wife.

        They were not hurt but they all watched Ginger, the firehouse Dalmatian, jump of the cab of the fire truck and run as fast as she could across the farmer’s hay field.

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        According to the newspaper article, George Spellman, the fire chief, said, “Well, we’ll see Ginger back at the firehouse.”

        Bill Flock, one of the volunteer firemen who had driven his pickup to the fire, said, “Well, we may not see her for a while. She’s going the wrong way.”

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        The article said that when the fireman got Fred’s car cooled down enough to be safe they went back to the fire house. Fred’s car was totally destroyed but the firemen knew that he would get a new car paid for by his insurance company. They were not worried about Fred but they were worried about Ginger. She was lost!

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        The newspaper article also said that later that evening while the firemen sat around the table in the Fire House kitchen eating sandwiches, the Chief said, “She’ll be back! She is just scared.” But she didn’t come back that day or the next or the next.

        The Pet Detective laid the newspaper down on the kitchen table and said to his wife, “Nancy, I’m driving over to Clinton this morning. Would you like to tag along?”

        Nancy was towel drying a breakfast bowl that she had just washed. She said, “I would love to go but today is the church luncheon. Guess who is in charge? I know why you are going to Clinton. It’s Ginger, isn’t it? I would love to go but I guess you will have to find Ginger without my help. She probably ran back to the puppy farm.”

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        The Pet Detective laughed. He said, “Well, I’ll see you later!”

        But he thought about what his wife said. He knew that Ginger was only about one year old. Instead of driving off to Clinton, he grabbed the telephone book. He looked under kennels until he found one that bred Dalmatians. There was such a kennel in Bradley City. He called over there and a lady answered the telephone. He said, “I’m looking for a lost Dalmatian. Have you got a stray over there?”

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        The lady said, “Yes, we have a Dalmatian about one year old that came here the other day. We couldn’t tell from her markings who she is. I think she is one of our dogs or why else would she come here? We have been looking at our puppy photos but there are a lot to look at. We sell a lot of dogs.”

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        The Pet Detective said, “So it is a bitch of the right age.” Do you remember selling a dog to the Clinton fire house?” A bitch is a female dog. It is not a swearword when used properly.

        The lady said, “We did sell a dog to a lady in Clinton early last year.”

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        The Pet Detective said, “What was her name? Do you remember?”

        The lady said, “Just a minute. I can look it up.”

        A minute later the lady came back on the telephone. She said, “We sold her to a lady by the name of Mary Spellman.”

        The Pet Detective said, “That is the Clinton Fire Chief’s wife. Is the dog in good health?”

        The lady said, “When she got in here she was exhausted and filthy dirty. We cleaned her up and fed her and she is just fine. I think she drank a gallon of water after she got here.”

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        The Pet Detective said, “I’m coming over. I know who she belongs to. Will that be okay?”

        The lady said that would be fine and hung up the telephone.

        The Pet Detective took Ginger back to the firehouse and half the town showed up to see her. The Fire Chief thanked the Pet Detective and some of the guys got up a collection to pay for the gasoline that the Pet Detective had used to get Ginger and bring her home. The Pet Detective said that he did not want the money but Bill Flock, the volunteer firemen who had driven his pickup to the fire, said, “Take your wife out to dinner. That will make us happy and your wife happy too.”

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        So that’s what the Pet Detective did. They went to dinner two days later. Nancy said, “I guess that was some bit of detective work to get Ginger back.”

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        He took a bite of cat fish and said to her, “Yes, it was. I had to use all of my detective skills.”

        Nancy spun a girl on her forehead with her finger. She said, “I can’t imagine where you got the clue that solved the problem. You must have used all of your imagination.”

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        The Pet Detective said, “I guess you saw today’s paper. Did you go down to the newspaper office and get an early copy?”

        She laughed and said, “I guess I did and I guess I know how you solved the case. You went right to the puppy farm. Now where did you get such an idea?”

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        They both laughed.

        copyright?2006 John T. Jones, Ph.D.

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          Technical Writing Trends : Substance vs. Style?

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          As a technical writer, you strive for Accuracy, Clarity and Readability. But where do you strike the balance? Although the definition of Substance ought not to change, it is influenced by evolving trends in Style.

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          Substance is, of course, ever the more important part of technical writing. But Style is what keeps the reader awake!

          Substance, here, includes Accuracy and Clarity.

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          Style, here, means smooth, interesting, intelligible — all of which can be lumped in under Readability.

          Accuracy no longer has to mean mind-numbingly detailed writing. Clarity, in fact, proscribes that. Readability ensures that the technical information actually gets read. If no one is able to plow through a piece of technical writing, then the information simply does not get out.

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          No tragedy with an article such as this. But suppose a bridge building crew tossed aside a technical bulletin because it was unreadable. What if the loss of that information caused a locomotive to fall into a ravine, killing hundreds of passengers?

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          (Of course, one resulting headline pun might read: “Hundreds Die With Style.” But you, as a technical writer, would not be writing that one.)

          All writing styles evolve over time; technical writing is no exception. Suppose we look at one short piece of an imagined technical article written in what would be an acceptable style in the early 1950s, then in the style of the 1980s and again in what some fear could become the style of the 2010s.

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          All three styles are describing a right triangle.

          Technical Writing Style, circa 1950

          The reader will be well acquainted with the fact that the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is defined by the square root of the summed squares of the other two sides. This quadratic relationship proves that the hypotenuse must always be longer than either the base or the altitude. The length of the hypotenuse can never be as long as the sum of the lengths of both the base and the altitude. These relationships are clearly seen in the following formula:

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          c-squared = a-squared + b-squared, where:

          • c = the length of the hypotenuse
          • a = the length of one leg (the altitude)
          • b = the length of the other leg (the base)

          A right triangle is defined as a triangle where the two legs, or sides, representing the altitude (a) and the base (b) meet at precisely 90?.

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          (This style was dull, but still much improved from technical writing of only a decade or so earlier. Requirements imposed by World War II had abruptly changed attitudes. Information had to be accurate. As well, it needed to be clear. Lives often relied on information being understood easily by hastily trained military technicians. But style was still very much a step-child in the technical writing of the 1940s and 1950s.)

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          Technical Writing Style circa 1980

          The length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle (c) is always longer than the length of the altitude (a) or the base (b). However, the length of the hypotenuse (c) will not be as long as the sum of the lengths of the other two sides (a + b).

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          The quadratic relationships of the lengths of the three sides of a right triangle can be seen from:

          c-squared = a-squared + b-squared

          Right triangles are formed when the two shorter sides (a) and (b) meet at exactly 90 degrees.

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          (Technical writers were rapidly adopting a crisper style as trade and technology were now international business concerns. Clarity was catching up with Accuracy. You could no longer assume that your customers were native English speakers. As well, ordinary people started buying personal computers and were becoming interested in learning about technology. Readability was increasingly important.)

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          Technical Writing Style circa 2010(?)

          The longest side (hypotenuse) of any right triangle is always longer than either of the other two sides, but interestingly enough, never as long as both short sides added together.

          The right angle was used by ancient Egyptians to square up their buildings. They knew that if one wall was 30 cubits long and the other wall was 40 cubits, a string stretched kitty-corner across the room should measure exactly 50 cubits. If not, the corners would not be square.

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          In a right triangle the two shortest sides meet at a right angle.

          See a Flash Animation of the famous Pythagorean Theorem at:

          www.a2+b2=c2.ref

          (Assuming that the blog and the sound byte push Style to the forefront, Short, Simple and Silly will then prevail. Although this third “article” is more or less Accurate and Clearly written, where is the Substance? In place, it misuses Readability in the form of human interest and historical perspective. It may well entertain, but as technical writing, it is feckless. It could also be misleading. Note the “any right triangle”; have they discovered other right angles that are not precisely 90 degrees?)

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          Good technical writing should consist of genuine Substance conveyed in an appropriate Style. It should deliver specialized information suitable for furthering knowledge or awareness within a targeted interest group. The function of technical writing is still to imprint, not to impress.

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          Steve Williams is a former technologist and technical writer. Steve is retired now and has a non-commercial website dedicated to seniors and others who enjoy reading and writing.
          Writers: you are invited & welcome to submit your short stories, articles, musings, poetry to: www.writing4seniors.org/

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            Writing And Speaking

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            To define this let’s see some advantages and disadvantages of both writing and speaking. Speaking is much older than writing, it had existed thousands of years earlier than writing was innovated. While speaking developed due to society’s primary needs of communication writing needed in more complex society when some records were needed. There are still some societies which are not educated and do not have writing, but they have preserved their own culture, traditions, history and customs. Moreover, speaking can be defined as human natural skill which is not needed to be taught. People can start speaking without any teachers if they grow up within society. Writing is not so natural, one has to be taught how to write.

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            Then speaking offers a wider range of context-bound meanings because it implies verbal communication together with non-verbal tools, such as gestures, mimic, intonations and speed. Comparing with writing where it is very hard to create a context-bound message even if many symbols, metaphors, punctuation and other writing tools are used. While speaking it is easier to fluently change the vocabulary, topic and genre due to your listener’s immediate feedback. Thus, a speaker interacts with his audience much faster and effective than a writer. Thus, speaking is predetermined to be more important than writing. However, writing is thought as an essential activity of society and successful writing can sometimes influence the society much greater than speaking.

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            Although writing requires special knowledge and years of study it is the most effective way to communicate with thousands of people at the same time. If you have something important to tell, something that must be immediately released throughout the world, the only thing you need is to start writing. Next, common morals and values that were historically predetermined had to be still recorded in written for next generations, such as the Bible or Koran books.
            One of the largest disadvantages of writing is it has to be taught because it requires knowledge in grammar, spelling, structuring, punctuation etc. Besides, writing is useless in case nobody can read it. While a listener can understand a speaker even if he does not know the speaker’s language (I mean non-verbal communication can help), a reader cannot understand anything if he are not able to read or does not know the language of a writer.

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            It is obvious speaking is more important than writing because of its natural origin, richness, more ancient history and primary needs of communication. ?Word came first?’ means we have to primarily develop our speaking skills and not be afraid of face-to-face communication.

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            The article was produced by the member of masterpapers.com.
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